https://glacius.ai/blogVisual explanations of mathematics and machine learning.enhttps://glacius.ai/blog/dot-product-vs-cosine-similarityhttps://glacius.ai/blog/dot-product-vs-cosine-similarityThu, 10 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMTDot product vs cosine similarity, explained visually. See how vector length changes a similarity score, with a worked example and the normalization formula.https://glacius.ai/blog/why-gradient-descent-oscillateshttps://glacius.ai/blog/why-gradient-descent-oscillatesThu, 10 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMTWhy gradient descent oscillates: a visual, worked example showing convergence, overshooting, and divergence as the learning rate changes.https://glacius.ai/blog/backpropagation-vs-gradient-descenthttps://glacius.ai/blog/backpropagation-vs-gradient-descentThu, 10 Sep 2026 09:54:08 GMTFollow one training step by hand to see how backpropagation calculates gradients, how gradient descent uses them, and where the learning rate enters the calculation.https://glacius.ai/blog/cosine-similarity-vs-euclidean-distancehttps://glacius.ai/blog/cosine-similarity-vs-euclidean-distanceThu, 10 Sep 2026 09:54:08 GMTCompare two neighbors by hand, then normalize the vectors to see exactly when cosine similarity and Euclidean distance produce the same ranking.