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Learn the math behind
machine learning

Work through the mathematics behind machine learning with diagrams and step-by-step examples, then test your understanding with practice questions.

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Inside a lesson01 / Vectors
xy0abEqual units on both axes
ab=3×1+1×3=6a \cdot b = 3 \times 1 + 1 \times 3 = 6

How the dot product compares vectors

A dot product connects coordinates to geometry.

238 published lessonsConnected by prerequisitesWorked examples and practiceOpen the library ↗

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From vectors to training a model

Lessons connect through prerequisites, so you can find the background you need before tackling a new concept.

How you learn

Build understanding
through practice

  1. 01

    Make the idea concrete

    Follow a worked example alongside a diagram that shows what the equation describes.

  2. 02

    Find out what you understand

    Predict an outcome and work through a question. Feedback helps you see where your reasoning holds and where to look again.

  3. 03

    Revisit what you have learned

    Return to ideas through continuing practice and review, then build on them in the next lesson.

The Glacius Blog

A closer look at the mathematics

Read worked explanations of the questions that come up while learning mathematics and machine learning.

ŷ = wx + b; L = ½(ŷ − y)²x = 2, y = 1; η = 0.1Start: w = 1, b = 0Forward passprediction = 2; loss = 0.5Backpropagation∂L/∂w = 2; ∂L/∂b = 1Gradient descentw = 0.8; b = −0.1

Featured article

What backpropagation does before gradient descent takes a step

Follow one training step by hand to see how backpropagation calculates gradients, how gradient descent uses them, and where the learning rate enters the calculation.

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